Beyond School Counts: National Spatial Inequalities in the Condition and Safety of Public-School Facilities in Saudi Arabia

مؤسسة الشرق الأوسط للنشر العلمي

عادةً ما يتم الرد في غضون خمس دقائق

الإصدار الرابع والعشرون: 19 أغسطس 2026
من مجلة أنساق للفنون والآداب والعلوم الإنسانية

Beyond School Counts: National Spatial Inequalities in the Condition and Safety of Public-School Facilities in Saudi Arabia

Mustafa Yousef AbuMarzouq Umar Lawal Dano Fahad S. Almutlaq
Abstract

Abstract

Educational-infrastructure planning can overlook inequalities in the physical condition and safety of existing schools when provision is assessed mainly through school counts. This study examines the impact of national spatial inequalities in the condition and safety of public-school facilities in Saudi Arabi. For the study approach, there is a cross-sectional secondary analysis was conducted using 13,045 facility assessments covering all 13 regions and 149 governorates as the study population. The survey-derived building-quality score was analyzed alongside five original safety and condition domains, while multilevel and spatial analyses assessed geographic variation. The national mean building-quality score was 38.5 (SD 11.3), with regional means ranging from 32.5 to 39.8. Governorate means were spatially clustered, and rural facilities scored 2.54 points below urban facilities before adjustment; the difference attenuated to 0.23 points after building age and size were considered. The study highlighted a number of findings, the most important of which are the national mean survey-derived building-quality score was 38.5, with substantial variation among regions and governorates. As well, governorate mean condition scores showed significant positive spatial clustering. The study put forward several important recommendations, most notably the necessity of Establish a national, auditable school-asset register containing inspection dates, instrument versions, component ratings, evidence, remedial priorities, costs, work-order status, and reinspection outcomes. In addition, the study recommends prioritizing independent verification and rapid corrective action for facilities carrying severe life-safety survey ratings, particularly emergency exits and fire-pump systems.

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